How the frequency dependence of soil parameters affects the lightning response of grounding electrodes

Quantities related to the response of grounding electrodes subject to lightning currents are simulated under the assumption of constant and frequency dependent soil resistivity and permittivity, considering low- and high-resistivity soils. It was found that the frequency dependence of soil parameters is responsible for decreasing the grounding potential rise of electrodes and, thus, their impulse impedance and their impulse coefficient. This effect is more pronounced for high-resistivity soils and typical currents of subsequent strokes.