FMSSQP: An efficient global optimization tool for the robust design of Rail-to-Rail Op-Amp

This paper presents a robust design and global optimization methodology for Rail-to-Rail operational amplifier using a computer-aided design (CAD) tool called FMSSQP. Performance parameters are optimized while the impact of process variation is minimized. This design is implemented with 0.25-μm CMOS process. The result shows that transconductance (gm) variations at each process corners are less than 7%, circuit performance presented by a Figure of Merit (FOM) has a significant improvement compared with the published works.