A 1.5-to-5 V converter for a battery-powered activity-dependent intracortical microstimulation SoC

This paper reports on the design, analysis, implementation, and testing of a 1.5-to-5 V converter as part of a battery-powered activity-dependent intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) system-on-chip (SoC) that converts extracellular neural spikes recorded from one cortical area to electrical stimuli delivered to another cortical area in real time. The highly integrated voltage converter is intended to generate a 5-V supply for the stimulating back-end on the SoC from a miniature primary battery that powers the entire system. It is implemented in AMS 0.35 μm two-poly four-metal (2P/4M) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, employs only one external capacitor (1 μF) for storage, and delivers a maximum dc load current of ~88 μA with power efficiency of 31% with its output voltage adjusted to 5.05 V. This current drive capability affords simultaneous stimulation on all eight channels of the SoC with current amplitude up to ~100 μA and average stimulus rate >;500 Hz, which is comfortably higher than firing rate of cortical neurons (<;150 spikes per second). The measurement results also agree favorably with theoretical derivations from the analysis of converter operation.