Electrical equipment for use in the presence of explosive dust atmosphere-experiences in Germany since 1980

The use of electrical energy in hazardous areas with combustible dust cannot be waived. Because of thermal effects and sparks and arcs, which are often inseparably linked, electrical apparatus must be designed and used in such a way so as not to become an ignition source. Since 1980, regulated by law, certificates for electrical apparatus for use in explosive dust atmospheres have been issued in Germany on the basis of national standards. The standard requirements are described; a review of typical applications is given. Finally, trends regarding European and world-wide activities in the field of standardization and the elaboration of European directives are reported