Photobiomodulation on Articular Cartilage Repair

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a modulation of monochromatic light or laser irradiation (LI) on biosystems, which stimulates or inhibits biological functions but does not result in irreducible damage. As photonic methods that could potentially initiate regeneration or cell proliferation in articular disease, the PBM of low intensity LI (LIL), ~10 mW/cm², moderate intensity LI (MIL), 10^2~3 mW/cm², and photodynamic effect (PDE) on articular cartilage repair have been reviewed in vitro and in vivo from the viewpoints of homeostatic regulation, respectively.