Tolling system architectures

This paper starts by discussing road tolling systems and by using these systems as a foundation, derives from first principles the basic functions of the modern Charging System for Infrastructure Usage (CSIU). The analysis begins by creating a rich picture of the "world" of infrastructure usage charging, then uses that picture to draw out a number of functional and system views that together describe a CSIU. These views introduce concepts that are discussed, and demonstrate how operational issues give rise to design and architectural considerations that need to be addressed. Finally the paper validates the CSIU architecture against a couple of real world examples.