Fluorescent imaging and localization with angle sensitive pixel arrays in standard CMOS

We demonstrate an optical sensor array which is capable of locating multiple, small fluorescent objects in three-dimensional space. Manufactured in an unmodified 130 nm CMOS process, the sensor requires no external optics or post processing. Instead, the array employs a diverse collection of angle-sensitive pixels. Each pixel has a distinct response to light intensity and incident angle. The array of pixels collectively gathers sufficient structural information to perform localization. These sensors will be useful whenever the micro-structure, rather than raw intensity, of a fluorescent sample is of interest.