Title :
Making 1 attoamp measurements
Author_Institution :
Keithley Instrum. Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA
Abstract :
New equipment has made possible the measurement of currents with one-sigma uncertainty of 1 attoamp (1E-18A), equivalent to 6 electrons per second. This paper discusses the techniques required to produce stable currents at this level, and filtering and data reduction techniques needed to make the measurements.
Keywords :
ammeters; constant current sources; data reduction; electric current measurement; filtering theory; 1 aA; averaging techniques; current measurement; data reduction techniques; filtering techniques; one-sigma uncertainty; source shaping; stable currents; ultralow-noise current amplifier; Current measurement; Electrical resistance measurement; Noise measurement; Noise reduction; Reading series; Resistors; Shape measurement; Signal resolution; Time measurement; Voltage;
Conference_Titel :
Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Digest, 2000 Conference on
Conference_Location :
Sydney, NSW, Australia
Print_ISBN :
0-7803-5744-2
DOI :
10.1109/CPEM.2000.851031
