The use of GIS and remote sensing techniques as tools for managing nature reserves: the case of Kakum National Park in Ghana

Failing prices in export commodities especially in sub-Saharan Africa has compelled countries like Ghana to explore its forests and wildlife reserves for foreign exchange. The forests are now under constant threat from fire, drought and the activities of local community groups. The management of these forest reserves thus faces severe problems. Current techniques for monitoring the forests in Ghana are ineffective, inconsistent, ad hoc and unreliable. The data collection is slow and often does not lend itself to a comprehensive analysis. Using satellite remote sensing (RS) coupled with geographic information system (GIS) technologies have provided the capabilities to develop a database of information that permits systematic monitoring and an effective means of protecting the Kakum National Park in Ghana from the encroachment of local communities. Classifying the digital elevation model (DEM) for Kakum, shows the roˆles the model plays in estimating park accessibility. The information conveyed in the DEM is of immediate assistance to park planners. A low accessibility will be associated with high elevation. The map information also shows where the park is most likely to experience damage from tourist and other activities. The use of slope and aspect maps provided an additional tool for management of the park. The depiction of slope, for instance indicated whether certain elevations faced enhanced fire risk or other hazards. The integration of SPOT satellite data with information from topographical data permitted the immediate display of terrain gradients, showing where most damage may occur due to height. This paper highlights the reports of benefits that accrued from employing RS and GIS as management tools for forest and wildlife preservation in Ghana