Neural network retrieval of atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles from cloud-cleared AIRS/AMSU radiances

A novel statistical method for the retrieval of atmospheric temperature and moisture (relative humidity) profiles has been developed and evaluated with sounding data from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU). The algorithm is implemented in three stages. First, the infrared radiance perturbations due to clouds are estimated and corrected by combined processing of the infrared and microwave data. Second, a Projected Principal Components (PPC) transform is used to reduce the dimensionality of and optimally extract geophysical profile information from the cloud-cleared infrared radiance data. Third, an artificial feedforward neural network (NN) is used to estimate the desired geophysical parameters from the projected principal components. The cloud-clearing of the infrared radiances was performed by the AIRS Science Team using infrared brightness temperature contrasts in adjacent fields of view and microwave-derived estimates of the infrared clear-column radiances to estimate and correct the radiance contamination introduced by clouds. The PPC compression technique was used to reduce the infrared radiance dimensionality by a factor of ~100, while retaining over 99.99 percent of the radiance variance that is correlated to the geophysical profiles. This compression allows the use of smaller, faster, and more robust estimators. A single-layer feedforward neural network with approximately 3000 degrees of freedom was then used to estimate the geophysical profiles in 1-km layers from the surface to 20 km. The performance of this method (henceforth referred to as the PPC/NN method) was evaluated using global EOS-Aqua orbits colocated with European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) fields for two days in 2003: September 3 and October 12. Over 15,000 footprints over ocean were used in the study. Retrieval performance compares favorably with that obtained with simulated observations from the NOAA88b radiosonde - set of approximately 7500 profiles. The PPC/NN method requires significantly less computation than traditional variational retrieval methods, while achieving comparable performance