The Effects of Different Feedback Modes in Video Practice to Improve the Decision Making of Novice Officials of Ice Hockey

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of various conditions (video with text, video with audio, video with audio and text) of feedback during video practice in the use of a multimedia environment. The study evaluated the learner´s recall and transfer in understanding the playing rules for decision making in calling penalties. Two experiments were conducted for this research. Participants of experiment one included undergraduate recreational sport majors enrolled in a national university in central Taiwan. Experiment two included CTIHF (Chinese Taipei Ice Hockey Federation) level-one referee seminar attendants. This research found that the presentation of video with audio and text feedback in multimedia learning was the most effective in recalling previously learned knowledge; results regarding near transfer were inconclusive. Implications for practice and further research are provided.