Power and energy meters and their calibration

Summary form only given. This paper has two sections. In the first section, a description of many details, and of many small but important items, introduced in the electronic circuitry of power and energy meters, is given. Also, the explanation is presented of how the reduction is achieved to voltage and current. The second sections deals with power and energy calibrators and with very accurate instruments built for national and other high precision measurement laboratories. The first section deals primarily with the analog electronic circuitry and the description of the systematic and other error origins. The second section describes the implementation of the digital circuitry and digital computation in the calibration of high precision instruments. As everyone is aware, the calibrators are instruments in which the control problems are essential. In this paper, the author explains his recent views regarding the feedback, error feedforward and error feedback methods, and compares the analog and digital approaches in the realization of these control strategies.<>