Simulation of transmission line discontinuities for transient analysis in high speed systems

The authors present methods to simulate transmission line discontinuities in the time-domain. The simulation procedures are distinguished by methods that describe discontinuities. To describe the behaviour of discontinuities, a quasi-static approach by lumped elements is used as well as a description by scattering parameters. The latter represents the general approach for the computation of discontinuity effects. The analysis by scattering parameters can be used for all discontinuities occurring in practice as for example mother board connectors. The methods are developed in such a way that they can easily be implemented in a transmission line simulator. Two examples are introduced, first a PCB-via connection, then a single transmission line with 90° angles