Image steganography method based on PVD and modulus function

The traditional steganography methods with Pixel Value Differencing (PVD) usually only deal with the PVD in the horizontal direction but ignore the vertical one. In this paper, the cover image is divided into 2×2 nonoverlapping blocks, then the modulus function method is used in horizontal direction and the simple PVD method is used in vertical direction for steganography. In addition, the falling-off boundary problem is solved. Experimental results show that the proposed approach provides higher stego-image quality, larger embedding capacity, and can against common attacks.