Comparison of loss allocation methods using particle swarm optimization

In this paper two loss allocation (LA) schemes based on the principle of equivalent bilateral exchanges (EBEs) and the network Z-bus matrix are compared with each other. The modified IEEE 14-bus network has been selected as case study. Several operating conditions such as, load increment and system congestions are applied to the test system in order to evaluate the loss allocation methods. In the case of network congestions optimal power flow is used based on a P.S.O. method. An economic analysis with these LA methods is also carried out. Results show that these economic indexes are very close to the marginal costs derived from an optimal power flow (OPF) approach with the advantage of reducing volatility. They also indicate that the allocation schemes produce loss allocations that are appropriate and they behave in a physically reasonable manner while the congestion is occurred.