Scattering and emission models and simulations for lunar exploration

This paper presents the research works on the modeling, data-image simulation and data validation for lunar exploration in both passive/active microwave remote sensing. As the first part, the works on Chinese Chang-E (CE-1) lunar program, including brightness temperature simulation (Tb) of lunar surface media, CE-1 data validation and retrieval of lunar regolith layer thickness from multi-channel CE-1 Tb data, and evaluation of global inventory of Helium-3 in lunar regolith, are reported. As the second part of this paper, scattering modeling and numerical image simulations of the randomly cratered lunar surface/subsurface structures for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery and high frequency (HF) radar range echoes are presented.