Intelligent control and adaptation

It is well known, the design of an intelligent control engineering system often applies a top-down strategy, which emphasizes centralized control. But for life systems and life-like systems, adaptation is an important property of such systems, and the description of a life system is a bottom-up strategy, which emphasizes a distributed system. From the view point of complexity, the adaptation property of a system emerges by interaction between subsystems of the system, as well as interaction between subsystems and environment. The difference between the concepts of control and emergence is briefly discussed