Enhancing information technologies in public services

Categorizes and discusses the software, hardware and system lessons learned to date that could significantly enhance large-scale information systems: they include designing for an automated operations-oriented environment; developing a real-time system; building on a hardware-independent operating system; employing a modular software development approach; building on a distributed network of processors; employing a database management system; developing enhanced applications; considering a dedicated system; and building in a system evaluation component. Additionally, the paper suggests that current data systems should be upgraded to information systems, which in turn, should be upgraded to knowledge systems