Manufacturing of low-cost high-efficiency thin-film CuInSe2 photovoltaic modules

Successful development of the key cost-limiting factors of thin film CuInSe₂ (CIS) technology is anticipated to result in manufacturing costs near $1/W_p for 10-12% efficient photovoltaic modules at 10-30 MW/year. This cost level is only attainable by adopting manufacturing practices proven in similar industries and by maintaining high device performance over large areas. The key technology development areas for achieving these competitive manufacturing costs are discussed. Improvements in process control, materials utilization, process speed, and manufacturability and their impacts on projected manufacturing costs are examined. Recent progress in the reduction of hazardous materials in the fabrication of CuInSe₂ modules is reviewed. Results are presented for 14.3% efficient CIS-based solar cells made without the use of cadmium, 14.0% efficient cells made without hydrogen selenide, and 13.7% efficient cells made without cadmium or hydrogen selenide