Distributed first stage detection for node capture

The node capture attack on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be broken into three stages: node capture, node redeployment, and insider attacks. Existing detection techniques of the attack are mostly implemented in the second stage. Recent discovery proved the feasibility of quick and effective detection in the first stage. We propose a hello message based first stage detection scheme, which is faster, easier to execute, and more reliable than existing approaches. Two implementations FSD and SEFSD are provided. FSD is completely decentralized. SEFSD utilizes the base station to achieve energy efficiency and better security. Simulation shows the scheme outperforms existing techniques while illustrating SEFSD outperforms FSD in terms of message and energy overhead.