Two-Dimensional, Time-Domain Simulation of Klystrons and Inductive Output Tubes

We report the development of two-dimensional, time-domain simulation tools for modeling klystrons and inductive output tubes (IOTs). The present development is based upon the techniques developed for the GATOR (Freund et al., 2002) simulation code for coupled-cavity traveling wave tubes. This technique relies on the integration of equivalent circuit equations in time coupled with the Lorentz force equations for particle trajectories. In the case of klystrons and IOTs, the equivalent circuit is a simple LRC model. The connection between the equivalent circuit equations and the forces on the electrons used in the Lorentz force equations is through a scaling of an RF field model in which the amplitude is proportional to the cavity voltage. The RF field model can be obtained analytically (as derived in two dimensions by Kosmahl and Branch) or by means of a field map generated by electromagnetic structure simulators. The electron trajectories are integrated in these RF fields as well as using magnetostatic focusing fields. A Poisson solver is used to obtain the space-charge fields