Standards, rules, and issues for integration of renewable resources

The purpose of this paper is to gather and document the existing criteria, rules, and practices used by the Investor Owned Utilities (IOUs) in California for physical interconnection of Distributed Resources (DR). The criteria set by the National Standard IEEE 1547, State of California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) Rule 21, and the standard practices used by a sample major IOUs will be presented and compared. Adequacy, practicality, and controversial implementation problems associated with the presently used rules and criteria will be documented and discussed. Suggestions and recommendations for future research and studies in the interest of practicality and implementation uniformity will be identified.