Modified key sequence-based video watermarking scheme resistant to temporal synchronization attacks

The key sequence-based video watermarking scheme can resist temporal synchronization attacks. In the scheme, the redundant states which stay in the queue for a long time will affect the usage rate of the queue when cryptographic Hash functions are used for state transition. Focusing on this problem, a universal state transformation scheme of the key sequence is proposed. After analyzing the transformation mechanism of the queue in the process of watermark detection, the new transformation mechanism is inducted with which the extra redundant states can be deleted and usage rate of the queue is increased. At the same time the continuity of the queue is maintained, which enhances the robustness against temporal synchronization attacks. Experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme has a better performance against frame-transposition attacks than that of original key sequence-based scheme.