A seamless handoff protocol for hierarchical Mobile IPv4

We propose a new solution to achieve a seamless handoff performance with a hierarchical mobility management. This solution is based on bicasting mobile node packets from the cross over router to the current foreign agent and the new one for a period of time. We define the cross over router as the low intersection between the two paths connecting, respectively, the current foreign agent and the new one to the root of the hierarchy. This solution consumes less network bandwidth than multicasting the same mobile node packets from the root of the hierarchy to the current foreign agent and all its adjacent foreign agents.