The PACES digital engagement model

This paper describes the Passive and Active Countermeasures Evaluation Simulation (PACES). PACES is best characterized as an engineering level digital engagement model used to study the effectiveness of electronic countermeasures and aircraft maneuvers against threat radar and missile systems. A typical scenario consists of one or two maneuvering aircraft deploying electronic countermeasures (ECM) against a single threat system. PACES includes several radar and missile models comprising surface-to-air (SAM) and antiaircraft artillery (AAA) tracking radars, airborne air-to-air missile (AAM) TTRs, missile borne seeker radars, and several SAM and AAM interceptors. PACES currently supports eight distinct threat systems which are generic in nature but representative of modern radar and missile technology. Actual systems can be represented by incorporating exact data such as design parameters and signal processing algorithms. PACES is written in FORTRAN and consists of approximately 80,000 lines of code, including over 30,000 lines of code in the `root´ portion (which is everything except specific radar and missile modules) plus upwards of 50,000 lines of code in the various radar and missile modules. Types of radars modeled include moving target indication (MTI) tracking radars, pulse Doppler tracking radars (with monopulse tracking algorithms), and continuous wave (CW) and high pulse repetition frequency (PRF) Doppler seeker radars. Available countermeasures include chaff, jammers, towed decoys, and expended (flying) decoys