Stewardship of nano-enabled batteries

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have the potential to improve dramatically the performance of lithium-ion batteries. We extend research on the human and environmental health concerns posed by end-of-life management of nano-enabled batteries [1] and technology requirements for processing lithium-ion scrap [2] by considering how greater use of CNT-enabled batteries may impact existing battery recycling programs. CNT-enhanced lithium-ion batteries are likely to be used widely in automobiles and portable electronics [3, 4]. A robust system now exists for collecting and recycling lead-acid batteries used in automobiles, while an anemic system exists for recycling rechargeable batteries used in portable electronics. Wide use of CNT-enhanced lithium-ion batteries may disrupt recycling systems for both types of products.