Development of new configurations of Rankine cycles for the utilization of low temperature heat

Concerns about rising energy cost and the effect of CO₂ emissions on climate change have renewed interest in the recovery of waste heat and utilization of low temperature heat sources such as geothermal. Because of inherent limitations imposed by the 2^nd law of Thermodynamics, the challenge for economical utilization consists in reducing the irreversibility losses in heat exchangers, increasing the prime mover efficiency and minimizing parasitical losses. The paper presents the thermo-dynamical cycles and practical consideration which have led to the construction of more than 40 plants totaling 1500 MW in industrial waste heat recovery and geothermal applications.