A network aided iterated LS method for GPS positioning and time recovery without navigation message decoding

The paper suggests a network aided iterated least squares (LS) method for GPS positioning and time recovery when a navigation message from satellite vehicles (SV) is not available. Using an additional variable which defines the satellite positions, the estimates of time of transmissions and pseudoranges are obtained from measurements available from the tracking side of the receiver. LS iterations are modified to account for adjustment of SV positions on orbits, adjustment of pseudoranges, etc. As a result, the positioning is performed without time-of-week (TOW) information from the navigation message.