Power quality customer financial impact/risk assesment tool

Recent developments in energy policies and prices have directed an increasing amount of interest at exploiting small energy resources. This small-scale power generation obviously needs to be connected to the present power distribution system with simple manners in order to be economically competitive. As the distribution system has initially been built for simple one-way power delivery, interconnecting small generators requires new thinking and new methods for operating the network. Small-scale generators located on the distribution level are generally referred to as distributed generation (DG). There are several clear consequences for locating DG in the distribution network that need to be taken into account. Probably the most critical concern is the operation of network protection. This can be stated as protection malfunctions can result in safety hazards. The presence of DG affects for instance short-circuit current amplitudes, which can further disturb the operation of feeder protection. DG may also result in failing reclosings or situations in which the DG unit maintains the voltage alone in the network. These situations must be avoided. This paper focuses on the network protection impacts of DG. It aims to provide new tools and methods for including the impacts of DG correctly in network planning methods. This can be achieved by bringing the research observations towards the practical level of network planning. The most important observations of this paper relate to the contradictions between protection selectivity and sensitivity; to the problematic nature of differentiating between faults that require rapid actions and other disturbances that should not result in any action.