Systematic design of antennas using the theory of characteristic modes for mobile phone applications

Mobile communications technology is constantly changing with the increasing demands of the consumers and Long Term Evolution (LTE) is widely accepted as the technology that can meet these requirements. This paper presents an electrically small antenna designed for European LTE frequency band of 1800 MHz. A systematic design procedure is developed using characteristic mode analysis (CMA). The CMA design procedure provides needed insights for the antenna designers to quickly come up with an antenna design using an arbitrarily shared structure.