Reduction of myocardial oxygen demand by controlling heart rate and hemodynamics simultaneously by novel circulatory model

We were already capable of restoring automatically blood pressure, cardiac output, and left atrial pressure by an inotropic, a vasodilator, and volume infusion/a diuretic. Countermeasures for cardioprotection, however, should be integrated to improve the long-term outcomes. We established a full control of heart rate and examined if such a control was useful for decreasing cardiac oxygen consumption. Based on a simulation result, we conducted an animal experiment. In 7 dogs with acute heart failure, we treated hemodynamics, and then lowered heart rate. Compared to the treatment for hemodynamics alone, the addition of bradycardia decreased cardiac oxygen consumption. It was possible to maintain hemodynamics without sacrificing cardiac oxygen consumption.