Determining chirality and non-reciprocity of biisotropic materials with waveguide and resonator perturbation techniques

Biisotropic media are the most general linear isotropic media. The constitutive relations of these media are governed by four complex material parameters. In this paper, waveguide and resonator measurement techniques are considered for determining the electromagnetic parameters of general biisotropic, also called non-reciprocal chiral media. The perturbation techniques for measuring the material parameters through the change in the propagation constant of waveguide modes and the shift in resonance frequency for resonators is presented. To measure these parameters a method utilizing waveguides or cavity resonators with two degenerated modes is proposed