Life-cycle comparison of different battery types for use with photovoltaic systems

A summary of results from an extensive study of batteries for PV power systems is presented. The significant characteristics of high-quality lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries with respect to their use in PV power systems are compared and the results of a survey of user experiences are presented. For typical PV systems, comparative system sizings and life-cycle costs are presented for several types of battery. The conditions under which different battery types are most appropriate are identified. It is shown that nickel cadmium batteries are often a more cost-effective option than lead-acid batteries for PV systems. This applies in cold, temperature, and hot climates.