Standard electromagnetic field measurements for bioelectromagnets

Several techniques for obtaining standard EM field measurements and transfer probe standards are discussed for applications in bioelectromagnetics. Throughout the discussion, the interplay between measured quantities and theoretically predicted (modeled) quantities is given. The frequencies considered range from 10 kHz to 40 GHz, dependent on physical constraints imposed by the ability to implement an actual measurement, and subject to the conditions imposed by rigorous electromagnetic theory in a given analytical model. Establishing standards for electromagnetic field (EM) measurements is a multifaceted endeavor which requires measurements made in anechoic chambers, at open-field sites and with guided-wave structures such as TEM and waveguide cells, and the means to transfer these standard EM fields from one situation to another. The basic principles of standards for EM fields and transfer probes fall into one of the following two categories: experimental measurements and theoretical modeling