Computer simulation of power systems for operator training

The development of operator training simulators which depends on the availability of economical computational hardware is discussed. In addition, models and algorithms to simulate large power systems in real time require significant innovation. Although better models and algorithms continue to be developed, the research emphasis is not on still higher fidelity but on features that enhance training. The state of the art of operator training simulators for terrestrial power systems is reviewed. The training environment, control center functions, power system behavior, and instructional tools are discussed