Field distribution for the magnetised semiconductor resonator and circulator

This paper presents a phenomenological description of the operation of the semiconductor junction circulator based on the rotation of the entire field pattern as a superposition of pairs of counter-rotating field patterns which are associated with currents and voltages with different phase shifts. These rotating modes, which are split by an applied magnetic field, form a stationary pattern which is rotated in space to produce no coupling to the isolated port of the circulators. This simple description has also been widely used to explain the operation of the ferrite junction circulator in the early 1960s, but it cannot be applied to all modes of circulation of the semiconductor junction circulator.