The concept of waves: theory and applications in electronic problems

Integral equations in terms of waves have natural capabilities to be solved using an iterative procedure. The wave based formulation handles scattering and reflection operators which are always bounded for physical reasons. In multi-layered structures, the limitation to homogeneous layer stack is overcome owing to the wave-based formulation. To improve the computation time for the analysis of complex circuits, a nonuniform meshing has been introduced (use of macro-pixels).