Clock performance characterization for timekeeping & navigation systems

• Section 2: Vibration Testing • A reference time scale versus which all the clocks can be synchronized and estimated; • an algorithm for forming a single time scale from a clock ensemble; • the steering of a time scale or a clock with respect to another one; • a good statistical tool to characterize clock stability, accuracy, and reliability; • an efficient algorithm for predicting the clock behavior, • a rapid algorithm able to identify clock failures or anomalies: • are those the needs of Timing laboratories or of Navigation systems? In many cases the questions are the same but the answers may be different due to the different aims, requirements, technology availabilities, environment. The tutorial will present the needs of Timing and Navigation, and the different tools that are well suited to satisfy them, giving insight on the most challenging topics that are still under investigation.