Dynamic and static analysis of transcriptional regulatory networks in a hierarchical context

Gene regulatory networks have been shown to share some common aspects with commonplace social governance structures such as hierarchies. Thus, we can get some intuition into their organization by arranging them into well-known hierarchical layouts. Here we study a wide range of regulatory networks (transcriptional, modification and phosphorylation) in a hierarchical context for five evolutionarily diverse species. We specify three levels of regulators - top, middle and bottom - which collectively regulate the non-regulator targets lying in the lowest fourth level, and we define quantities for nodes, levels and entire networks that measure their degree of collaboration and autocratic or democratic character. Overall we show that in all the networks studied, the middle level has the highest collaborative propensity and that co-regulatory partnerships occur most frequently amongst mid-level regulators, an observation that has parallels in efficient corporate settings where middle managers need to interact most to ensure organizational effectiveness. Then to study dynamic effects, superimpose the phenotypic effects of tampering with nodes and edges directly onto the hierarchies. We reconstruct modified hierarchies reflecting changes in the level of regulators within the hierarchy upon deletions or insertions of nodes or edges. Overall, we find that rewiring events that affect upper levels have a more dramatic effect on cell proliferation rate and survival than do those involving lower levels. We also investigate other features connected to the importance of upper-level regulators: expression divergence, back-up copies and expression level.