Health and safety issues related to the production, use and disposal of cadmium-based photovoltaic modules

Environmental, health, and safety issues associated with the use of cadmium in thin-film cadmium telluride photovoltaic modules are discussed. Cadmium-related environmental, public health, and occupational health hazards may arise during the manufacturing, use, and disposal of spent devices. In this context, photovoltaic processing technology, statutory/regulatory limits, toxicology, and health hazards associated with two processing alternatives (electrodeposition and spray pyrolysis) nearing commercialization are reviewed. To ensure the continued viability of this material alternative, control options to permit the safe use of cadmium are discussed