In-mold electromagnetic stirring in continuous casting

To obtain the optimal operation of in-mold electromagnetic stirring (EMS) through the fundamental characteristics, the author developed a 3-D magnetohydrodynamic calculation model, taking into consideration heat transfer and solidification as well as free surface. Comparison between measured velocity and calculated velocity is in agreement. A shadow method that calculates electromagnetic force in consideration of free surface transition is proposed to reduce computing time and keep sufficient accuracy. A calculated free surface of mercury under a 200 Hz magnetic field shows an adequate agreement with experimental data. Calculation results applied to the continuous casting process, taking into consideration heat transfer and solidification, are in good agreement with operational data. This model shows that EMS makes the solidified shell uniform and dynamic deviation of temperature stable