Augmented surface integral equation

The surface integral equation (SIE) method is one of the most popular numerical methods in computational electromagnetics. It can be used to analyze metallic, homogeneous dielectric, and piecewise homogeneous dielectric problems. Traditional SIEs suffer from the low-frequency breakdown, which appears when the frequency is low or the discretization is very dense. We describe a remedy by adopting the augmentation technique which proves to be successful for the conventional electric field integral equation (EFIE). In this paper, we present the augmented SIE (ASIE) for a single penetrable object. It can be easily generalized to a problem with multiple objects.