Oceanic Rainfall Retrievals using passive and active measurements from SeaWinds Remote Sensor

The SeaWinds sensor was launched onboard two satellite missions. The first was the QuikSCAT mission launched in mid 1999 by NASA, and the second was the ADEOS II mission launched by JAXA in late 2002. SeaWinds operates at a ku-band frequency of 13.4 GHz, and was originally designed to measure the speed and direction of the ocean surface wind vector by relating the normalized radar backscatter measurements to the near surface wind vector through a geophysical model function. In addition to the backscatter measurement capability, SeaWinds simultaneously measures the polarized radiometric emission from the surface and atmosphere, utilizing a ground signal processing algorithm known as the QuikSCAT / SeaWinds Radiometer (QRad / SRad). This paper presents an oceanic rainfall retrieval algorithm that combines the simultaneous active radar backscatter and the passive microwave brightness temperatures observed by the SeaWinds sensor. The retrieval algorithm is statistically based, and has been developed using collocated measurements from SeaWinds, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) rain rates, and the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) wind fields. The rain is retrieved on a wind vector cell (WVC) measurement grid that has a spatial resolution of 25 km. Examples of the rain estimates from SeaWinds are presented, and comparisons are made with the standard TRMM 2A12 rain data product. Validation results demonstrate that SeaWinds rain measurements are in good agreement with the independent microwave rain observations obtained from TMI. Further, by applying a threshold on the retrieved rain rates, SeaWinds rain estimates can be utilized as a rain flag. In order to evaluate the performance of the SeaWinds flag, comparisons are made with the Impact based Multidimensional Histogram (IMUDH) rain flag developed by JPL. Results emphasize the powerful rain detection capabilities of the SeaWinds retrieval algorithm. Due to its broad s- wath coverage, SeaWinds affords additional independent sampling of the oceanic rainfall, which may contribute to the future NASA´s Precipitation Measurement Mission (PMM) objectives of improving the global sampling of oceanic rain within 3 hour windows. Also, since SeaWinds is the only sensor onboard QuikSCAT, the SeaWinds rain estimates can be used to improve the flagging of rain-contaminated oceanic wind vector retrievals. The passive-only rainfall retrieval algorithm (QRad /SRad) has been implemented by JPL as part of the level 2B science data product, and can be obtained from the Physical Oceanography Distributed Data Archive (PO.DAAC).