A commodity trading model based on a neural network-expert system hybrid

Demonstrates a system that combines a neural network approach with an expert system to provide superior performance compared to either approach alone. Learning capability is provided in a software-based approach to commodity trading systems. The authors used the backpropagation network with some parameters selected experimentally. They used a human expert to implicitly define patterns, using hindsight, that an intelligent system might have been able to use for an accurate prediction. Desired outputs were found by a combination of observing the behavior of technical indices that normally precede a certain kind of market behavior, and by observing the actual market behavior in retrospect. Thus, the network learns to give signals based on data that look favorable to a human expert. The authors show the results of a rule-based daily trading system that has been augmented by a neural network market predictor