Ground based observations to probe the ionospheric and magnetospheric plasmas

Summary form only given. Ground-based, or near-ground-based, observations of particles, currents, and fields have yielded important information when studying both local and global magnetospheric phenomena. A great variety of instruments and techniques have been developed to carry out measurements from ground of phenomena which are of such an extent, both in time and in space, that in situ satellite observations would only give a spatial and temporal snap-shot of them