Ground Wave Propagation over a Homogenous Impedance Surface and a Mixed-Path with Inhomogeneous Impedance Surfaces Including Tropospheric Ducting Effect

The electromagnetic field representations over the homogeneous impedance surface and the inhomogeneous impedance surface were derived by taking into account the tropospheric surface duct. It was shown that the recovery effect of electromagnetic fields appeared on the portion of the sea over the land-to-sea mixed-path propagation. It was also shown that through the theoretical and experimental studies, the slow-wave type surface wave is excited over the highly inductive impedance surface in addition to the Norton ground wave