An effective algorithm for parallelizing sort merge joins in the presence of data skew

A parallel sort-merge-join algorithm that uses a divide-and-conquer approach to address the data skew problem is proposed. The algorithm adds an extra scheduling phase to the usual sort, transfer and join phases. During the scheduling phase, a parallelizable optimization algorithm, using the output of the sort phase, attempts to balance the load across the multiple processors in the subsequent join phase. The algorithm naturally identifies the largest skew elements and assigns each of them to an optimal number of processors. Assuming a Zipf-like distribution for data skew, the algorithm is shown to achieve very good load balancing for the join phase in a CPU-bound environment and to be very robust relative to the degree of data skew and the total number of processors