Network modeling for digital simulation of switching transients

Power systems switching transients are initiated by the action of circuit breakers and switches and by faults. These actions include energization, de-energization, reclosing and fault clearing. The range of frequencies of primary interest in a switching transients study varies from the fundamental power frequency up to about 10 kHz. Therefore the proper and good representation must be chosen for the various components such as transmission lines and cables, transformers, source equivalents, loads and circuit breakers. Equipment modeling aspects for the analysis of switching transients are the principal subjects of this paper. The electromagnetic simulation program PSCAD/EMTDC is employed to simulate line energization.