Tree swarm optimization: an approach to PSO-based tree discovery

In recent years a swarm-based optimization methodology called particle swarm optimization (PSO) has developed. PSO is highly explorative and primarily used in function optimization. This paper proposes a swarm-based learning algorithm based on PSO which is able to discover trees in tree spaces. Particles are flying through a tree space forming flocks around peaks of a fitness function. Because it inherits the explorative property of PSO, it needs only few evaluations to find suitable trees.