Electrical and thermal model for PV module temperature evaluation

In order to predict either the energy production of photovoltaic (PV) modules or to compare the performance of a real PV system against the optimal one, it is necessary to develop a suitable mathematical model that is able to calculate the PV cells layer temperature as a function of ambient temperature, wind speed, wind direction, total irradiance, and relative humidity. This paper presents an electrical-thermal model, also how the related parameters can be obtained and finally some experimental results concerning its utilization within a direct maximum power point (MPP) algorithm.